This page contains an alphabetical list of all of the main (or broader) and sub (or more specific) terms used to index the bibliographic materials within CBIR. Words in bold represent main terms. Sub terms identify the main term(s) to which they are subordinate. If your term(s) do not appear on this list, search for them as key words.

A

Ability (Sub term found under Cognitive)

The quality or state of being able: especially physical, mental, or legal power to perform (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Adaptor (Sub term found under Styles)

The general term used to indicate that a person prefers an Adaptive creativity style, as described by Kirton (1987) (cited in Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994). An adaptor prefers to create by improving (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Administration-

The supervision and leading of an organization in accordance with established policies (Merriam-Webster, 1989). (Also found as a sub term under Education.)

Administrators (Sub term found under Administration)

One that administers especially business, school, or governmental affairs (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Adolescent (Sub term found under Age)

The period of life from puberty to maturity terminating legally at the age of majority (Merriam-Webster, 1989). Typically ages 13 through 17 (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Adult (Sub term found under Age

Fully developed and mature (Merriam-Webster, 1989). Typically ages 18 through 64 (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Adult education (Sub term found under Education)

The use of autonomy of direction and the use of experience that is directed towards self-development through education for mature persons (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Advertising (Sub term found under Communications)

The action of calling something to the attention of the public esp. by paid announcements (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Aesthetics (Sub term found under Arts)

A branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste and with the creation and appreciation of beauty (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Affirmative judgment (Sub term found under Thinking)

A basic principle of Creative Problem Solving (CPS), particularly important in the critical or convergent phases of each stage; emphasizes the need to analyze alternatives thoroughly but constructively (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Age-

The part of an existence extending from the beginning to any given time (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Algorithmic (Sub term found under Problem Solving)

A procedure for solving a mathematical problem in a finite number of steps that frequently involves repetition of an operation (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Analogical (Sub term found under Systems)

Of, relating to, or based on analogy (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Analogical thinking (Sub term found under Thinking and Process)

The cognitive process of relating some characteristics between two or more things which may be unrelated (Center for Studies in Creativity). (See also Synectics.)

Anthropological (Sub term found under Research)

The science of human beings: especially the study of human beings in relation to distribution, origin, classification, and relationship of races, physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Applications (Sub term found under Styles)

The act of applying or putting to use (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Art (Sub term found under Arts)

(See Arts.)

Artificial intelligence (Sub term found under Intelligence)

Systems that exhibit the characteristics associated with intelligence, and describes important areas of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research as: expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition, computer vision, robotics, computer assisted instruction, automatic programming and decision support systems (Resources in technology: An introduction to artificial intelligences 1987).

Artist (Sub term found under Arts)

A person skilled in one of the fine arts (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Arts-

The conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Assessment-

Drawing conclusions and meaningful inferences from information gathered through a number of sources (Center for Studies in Creativity).

At-risk (Sub term found under Education)

A term used to identify students with a higher probability for educational problems caused by factors that affect the educational experience. Some factors may be socioeconomic class, family situations, inconsistencies physically or mentally, possible suicide tendencies or substance abuse (Center for Studies in Creativity).

B

Barriers (Sub term found under Blocks)

Obstacles that must be overcome to express and use creativity: often the same as blocks (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Behavior-

(1) The manner of conducting oneself, (2) The response of an individual, group, or species to its environment (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Biological (Sub term found under Systems)

Of or relating to biology or to life and living processes (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Blocks-

Personal characteristics, process gaps, inhibiting settings or situations, emotional or social stresses, threats, or hindrances which interfere with the ability or willingness of a person or group to engage in productive thinking and problem solving (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994). Grouped by Jones (1993) into self-image, value, perceptual, and strategic blocks.

Blocks model (Sub term found under Models)

Refers to the Jones Inventory to Blocks and Barriers (Jones, 1993), or similar models.

Blocks to creativity (Sub term found under Blocks)

Factors or situations that inhibit creativity (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Brain Hemisphericity-

Of or relating to the portions of the brain, typically "Left Brain" or "Right Brain"(Center for Studies in Creativity).

Brainstorming (Sub term found under Problem Solving, Process, and Techniques)

A group technique for generating many options based on the divergent thinking guidelines of deferring judgment, striving for quantity, freewheeling, and building on other ideas (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Breakthroughs (Sub term found under Innovation)

A sudden, important idea or 'connection' that offers a novel and appropriate solution to a complex problem, challenge or situation (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Business-

A usually commercial or mercantile activity engaged in as a means of livelihood (Merriam-Webster, 1989). (Also found as a sub term under Climate.)

Business education (Sub term found under Business)

The teaching of business courses (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Business administration (Sub term found under Business)

A program of studies in a college or university providing general knowledge of business principles and practices (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Business science (Sub term found under Business)

The study of business (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Business-art relationship (Sub term found under Arts)

The commercial or merchantile interactions with the conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects (Center for Studies in Creativity).

C

Case Studies-

An intensive analysis of an individual unit (as a person or community) stressing developmental factors in relation to environment (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Catastrophe theory (Sub term found under Theory)

A branch of topology, the qualitative method used to analyze patterns among the three operant classes including: traditional responses, frustrated responses and heuristic responses (Boles, 1990).

Change (Sub term found under Climate)

The choice and commitment to do something different. It can be viewed as a function of empowerment, dissatisfaction with current reality, holding a vision for the future and knowing and using a process for attaining that vision (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Characteristics (Sub term found under Person and Press)

Distinguishing traits, qualities, or properties (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Child (Sub term found under Age)

A young person especially between infancy and youth (Merriam-Webster, 1989). Typically between birth and age 12 (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Classroom (Sub term found under Behavior, Climate, and Education)

An environment in which educational experiences and information is shared between students and teachers (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Climate-

The recurring pattern of behavior which characterize life in the organization. It is the relatively enduring quality of the total working environment as it is perceived and experienced by the participants within it. Climate influences their behavior, and can be described in relation to a particular set of environmental characteristics (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Cognition (Sub term found under Cognitive)

The act or process of knowing including both awareness and judgment (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Cognitive-

Of, relating to, or involving cognition. Based on or capable of being reduced to empirical factual knowledge (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Cognitive theory (Sub term found under Theory)

Relating to the mind as the source of learning and behavior (Miller, 1988). Behaviorism and the new science of cognition (Miller, 1988).

Communication (Sub term found under Communications)

An act or instance of transmitting. A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Communication tools (Sub term found under Communications)

Something used to allow the exchange of information (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Communications-

A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Computer Applications-

Refers to the programs and capabilities of a computer (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Computer-aided creativity (Sub term found under Computer Applications)

Electronic Group decision support systems used for idea generations (i.e., electronic brainstorming) (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Computerized techniques (Sub term found under Computer Applications)

The manner in which technical details are treated, a specific method utilizing the computer for accomplishing a desired aim (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Conflict- (Sub term found under Behavior)

The presence of interpersonal emotional tensions in an organization, expressed among one or more individuals or sub-groups (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994). Also dimension of the creative climate.

Conflict resolution (Sub term found under Process)

The process of resolving differences between two or more parties (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Consultancy (Sub term found under Process)

An agency that provides consulting services (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Convergent- (Sub term found under Techniques)

Bringing possibilities together, or choosing from among many alternatives, to strengthen, refine, or improve ideas, and to reach a conclusion, synthesis, or correct response. Often used casually as an equivalent to critical thinking (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Convergent thinking (Sub term found under Process and Thinking)

Bringing possibilities together, or choosing from among many alternatives, to strengthen, refine, or improve ideas, and to reach a conclusion, synthesis, or correct response (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Cooperative learning (Sub term found under Education)

Learning that occurs from experiences created by two or more people working together on a specific task (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Copyright (Sub term found under Product)

The exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, and sell the matter and form of a literary, musical, or artistic creations (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Corporate culture (Sub term found under Business)

The business context within which individuals hold perceptions of their working climate; usually referring to the deeper values and traditions of the organization. Those within the culture do not typically perceive it (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

CoRT (Sub term found under Models)

An educational thinking program developed by deBono (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Counseling (Sub term found under Problem Solving)

Professional guidance of the individual by utilizing psychological methods esp. in collecting case history data, using various techniques of the personal interview, and testing interest and aptitudes (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

CPAM (Sub term found under Models)

Of or about the Creative Product Analysis Matrix (CPAM) developed by Besemer & O'Quin (1993).

CPS- (Sub term found under Models)

Creative Problem Solving. A broadly applicable process containing various components and stages to provide a framework for generating and developing new and useful outcomes or actions for a broad range of situations (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Creative Analysis (Sub term found under Models)

A language approach to problem solving (Upton & Sampson 1961).

Creative movement (Sub term found under Arts)

Not-too-vigorous movements that, while introducing a varied medium of expression, also illustrate the basic concepts of the creative process (Parnes, Noller, & Biondi, 1977 p79). (Sometimes referred to as dance.)

Creative problem solving- (Sub term found under Problem Solving)

Refers to the general efforts made by any individuals or groups to think creatively in order to solve a problem. CPS (upper case letters) describes a specific approach or model, while cps (lower case letters) describes a more general approach (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Creative thinking (Sub term found under Thinking)

The process of generating ideas, which may emphasize fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration in thinking (Linderman, 1992).

Creativity (also found as a sub term under Assessment and Theory)

A quality of human behavior that has many facets or dimensions, and been defined in a variety of ways. Definitions often emphasize one (or a combination) of factors such as process, personal characteristics or traits, environments or products. In general or conversational use, creativity often refers to novel ideas that are useful (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Creatology (Sub term found under Models)

Based on the work by Magyari-Beck (1993). A framework designed to provide a cross-disciplinary focus on creativity (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Critical thinking- (Sub term found under Thinking)

The process of analyzing, refining, developing, or selecting ideas, including categorizing, comparing and contrasting, examining arguments and assumptions, reaching and evaluating inferences and deductions, setting priorities, and making choices or decisions (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Cross Cultural (Sub term found under Culture)

Dealing with or offering comparison between two or more different cultures or cultural areas (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Culture (also found as a sub term under Press

The context within which individuals hold perceptions of their working climate; usually referring to the deeper values and traditions of the organization. Those within the culture do not typically perceive it (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Curriculum (Sub term found under Education)

(1) A preset group of learning objectives that are required for graduation from a specific grade level, usually kindergarten through 12; (2) a sequence of courses required for graduation within a specific field of study that results in a degree (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Cybernetic (Sub term found under Systems)

The science of communication and control theory that is concerned especially with the comparative study of automatic control systems (as the nervous system and brain and mechanical-electrical communication systems) (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

D

Decision making (Sub term found under Problem Solving and Process)

The process of deliberately choosing between alternatives (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Decision model (Sub term found under Models)

A twelve-step model of the decision-making process (Adams, 1990).

Decision support systems (Sub term found under Computer Applications)

Having the functions which relate to the system itself, the organization, communications, decision making and management (Nunamaker, Voglgel, & Konsynski, 1989).

Demography (Sub term found under Person)

The statistical study of human populations especially with reference to size and density, distribution, and vital statistics (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Development (Sub term found under Cognitive and Product)

The act, process, or result of developing (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Diffusion (Sub term found under Innovation and Technology)

The action of diffusing: the state of being diffused (Merriam-Webster, 1989). Social acceptance of new or emerging ideas or products (Rogers, 1983).

Dimensions of climate (Sub term found under Climate)

The specific properties or characteristics found in recurring patterns of behavior which characterize life in the organization (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Disadvantaged (Sub term found under Education)

An increase probability of unsuccessful academic achievement because of variables that are not accounted for in the "typical" educational curriculum. Such variables may include poverty, cultural diversity, and linguistic differences (etc.) (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Divergent- (Sub term found under Techniques)

Generating many possible responses, ideas, options, or alternatives in responses, ideas, options, or alternatives in response to an open-ended question, task, or challenge. Often used casually as equivalent to creative thinking (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Divergent thinking (Sub term found under Process and Thinking)

Generating many possible responses, ideas, options, or alternatives in responses, ideas, options, or alternatives in response to an open-ended question, task, or challenge. Often used casually as equivalent to creative thinking (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Dream (Sub term found under Imagery)

A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

E

Ecological (Sub term found under Theory)

The totality or pattern of relations between organisms and their environment (Merriam-Webster, 1989). The inter-relationship among people, desired outcomes, process(es) utilized, situations, and the task at hand (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Economic theory (Sub term found under Innovation)

Economic perspectives used to shed light on somewhat different aspects of creativity (Sternberg, & Lubart, 1991).

Education-

Learners are encouraged to examine the assumptions underlying the acquisition of skills, to consider alternative purposes, and to place skill acquisition in some broader context (Brookfield, 1986, p.17).

Educational (Sub term found under Innovation)

The action or process of educating or of being educated (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Educational innovation (Sub term found under Education)

Exploring new and different theories or methods of teaching and learning in order to create change in the current educational environment (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Effective (Sub term found under Problem Solving)

Producing a decided, or desired effect (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Elderly (Sub term found under Age)

Rather old; specifically being past middle age (Merriam-Webster, 1989). Typically ages 65 or greater (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Elementary- (1) (Sub term found under Education)

A school which teaches basic subjects and skills, the children enrolled usually range between the ages of 4 through 11; the levels taught typically start with Kindergarten and include the first four to eight grades (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Employee productivity (Sub term found under Business)

Refers to the accomplishments of workers (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Enterprises (Sub term found under Administration)

(1) A project or undertaking that is especially difficult, complicated, or risky. (2) Readiness to engage in daring action: especially a business organization, a systematic purposeful activity (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Entrepreneur (Sub term found under Business)

One who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Environment (Sub term found under Climate and Press)

The setting (physical and psychological) in which human behavior takes place (Isaksen, Dorval, Treffinger, 1994).

Epistemology (Sub term found under Research)

The study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Ethnic diversity (Sub term found under Culture)

Refers to the differences among ethnic groups based on racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Ethnographic Empirical (Sub term found under Research)

The systematic recording of observed human cultures (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Evaluation- (Sub term found under Assessment and Product)

A deliberate and systematic process for analyzing, developing, and refining options, and for making and justifying choices and decisions. In Creative Problem Solving (CPS), evaluation is regarded as a constructive process, not merely as criticizing or judging the inadequacies of ideas (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Experiential education (Sub term found under Education)

Learning and teaching done through direct experiences in which students are active participants (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Expert systems (Sub term found under Computer Applications)

Computer program that contains much of the knowledge used by an expert in a specific field and assists non experts (Nelson, Northup, & Wampler, 1992).

Extra sensory perception (Sub term found under Behavior)

The ability to perceive the usually unperceived (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Extrinsic (Sub term found under Motivation)

Originating form or on the outside; especially originating outside a part and acting upon the part as a whole, external (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

F

Facilitation-

The process through which a group carries out and monitors its progress in applying CPS methods and techniques, or other problem solving or decision making procedures, during a group meeting or working session (Center for Studies in Creativity). (Also found as a sub term under Techniques).

Family impact (Sub term found under Person)

Influence that home environment and family has on ones life (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Fine arts (Sub term found under Arts)

Art (as painting, sculpture, or music) concerned primarily with the creation of beautiful objects (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Flex (Sub term found under Styles)

To change ones thinking (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Forecasting (Sub term found under Technology)

Predicting the future (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Founders (Sub term found under History of Creativity and Research)

One that founds or establishes (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Fun (Sub term found under Process)

What provides amusement or enjoyment: specifically playful often boisterous action or speech. A mood for finding or making amusement (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Functioning (Sub term found under Cognitive)

To be in action; operate (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Future Problem Solving model (Sub term found under Models)

An interdisciplinary approach to study and solving future problems developed by Torrance (1982).

Future problem solving (Sub term found under Problem Solving)

Students are empowered to become change agents and tackle controversial issues of the future, set goals, create visions, offer solutions to real problems and explore the impact of those solutions on the quality of life (Carroll, 1991).

Futures education (Sub term found under Education)

The attempt to understand different factors that may have an affect on the future and with these factors trying to foresee possible futures. Having a future image in mind leads to exploration of possible options that may help the future image become a reality (Center for Studies in Creativity).

G

Gestalt (Sub term found under Theory)

Creative thinking begins by meeting a problematic situation, the thinker aims to restore the equilibrium of the whole (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Gifted & Talented (Sub term found under Education and Models)

Refers to someone who demonstrates outstanding performance or potential in a given area over a substantial period of time (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Goal setting (Sub term found under Problem Solving)

The process of determining desired outcomes (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Group development (Sub term found under Groups)

The act, process, or result of group evolution (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Group dynamics (Sub term found under Groups)

The interacting forces within a small human group (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Group performance (Sub term found under Groups)

(1) A group execution of an action. (2) Something accomplished by a group. (3) The group manner of reacting to stimuli (behavior) (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Group problem solving (Sub term found under Groups)

The group process of identifying solutions to problems (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Group process (Sub term found under Groups)

A series of actions or operations taken by a number of people conducing to an end (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Group size (Sub term found under Groups)

Relating to the number of individuals working together (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Groups-

A number of individuals assembled together or having some unifying relationship (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

H

Heuristic (Sub term found under Problem Solving)

Involving or serving as an aid to learning, discovery, or problem-solving by experimental and especially trial-and-error methods also: of or relating to exploratory problem-solving techniques that utilize self-educating techniques (as the evaluation of feedback) to improve performance (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Heuristics (also found as a sub term under Models)

(See Heuristic.)

Higher education (Sub term found under Education)

Formal education which begins after the secondary experience; traditional age range is 18 through 21. Sometimes referred to as college or university education (Center for Studies in Creativity).

History of Creativity-

Of or about the origins of the field of creativity (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Human resource management (Sub term found under Management)

Relating to the hiring, and training of employees within an organization (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Humanities-

The branches of learning (as philosophy, languages) that investigate human constructs and concerns (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Humor (Sub term found under Process)

The mental faculty of discovering, expressing, or appreciating the ludicrous or absurdly incongruous (Center for Studies in Creativity).

I

Idea generation (Sub term found under Process)

The production of quantities of options (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Imagery-

Mental images; especially the products of imagination (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Imagination- (Sub term found under Imagery, Press, and Process)

The ability of the mind to develop and use images. For Creative Problem Solving (CPS), the degree to which novelty is needed for a particular outcome or obstacle (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Implementation- (Sub term found under Process)

The point at which one or more promising or possible solutions or ideas are ready to be carried out. (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Incubation- (Sub term found under Process)

A general phenomenon in the creative process, during which one's mind may continue to explore ideas even when one is not consciously thinking about the challenge or concern (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Individual (Sub term found under Behavior, Groups, and Person)

A particular being or thing as distinguished from a class, species, or collection (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Industry (Sub term found under Business)

(1) Diligence in an employment or pursuit. (2) Systematic labor, especially for some useful purpose or the creation of something of value. (3) A department or branch of a craft, art, business, or manufacture; especially one that employs a large personnel and capital (i.e.: manufacturing) (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Innovation-

The introduction of something new (Merriam-Webster, 1989). The result of creativity which emphasizes the product or outcome (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994). (Also found as a sub term under Education).

Innovator- (Sub term found under Style)

Represents the Innovative style of creativity described by Kirton (1987) (cited in Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994). Innovators prefer to create by making things different, by challenging the systems (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Instruments (Sub term found under Assessment and Styles)

A measure device for determining the present value of a quantity under observation (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Intellectual property (Sub term found under Product)

Of or relating to intellectual powers (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Intelligence-

The ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations: Reason; also: the skilled use of reason. The ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria (Merriam-Webster, 1989). (Also found as a sub term under Education).

Intrinsic- (Sub term found under Motivation)

Pursuing a task for the interest or enjoyment afforded by the task or the effort itself, rather than for the potential promise of some external reward (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Intuition- (Sub term found under Problem Solving, Process, and Styles)

Trusting and following one's own inner sense, experiences, hunches without requiring explicit or logical support and evidence; anticipating what might be, rather than attending only to what is directly present or experienced through the senses (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Invention (Sub term found under Product)

Something invented as a production the imagination especially a false conception or a device, contrivance, or process originated after study and experiment (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Investment theory (Sub term found under Theory)

economic perspectives used to shed light on somewhat different aspects of creativity (also referred to as economic theory (Sternberg, & Lubart, 1991).

IQ (Sub term found under Intelligence)

Intelligence Quotient (Merriam-Webster, 1989). A score which suggests a high or low level of intelligence possessed by an individual (Center for Studies in Creativity).

J

Janusian thinking (Sub term found under Theory)

Being able to see multiple perspectives of a situation (Center for Studies in Creativity).

K

KAI (Sub term found under Styles)

Of or about the Kirton Adaption-Innovation (KAI) inventory or theory (Kirton, 1987).

Kepner-Tregoe (Sub term found under Models)

Kepner-Tregoe (KT) problem analysis and decision making model is a rational & systematic approach to problem solving (Center for Studies in Creativity).

L

Language (Sub term found under Humanities)

The words, their pronunciation, and the methods of combining them used and understood by a considerable community (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Lateral thinking (Sub term found under Techniques and Thinking)

A way to deliberately change perspective and generate creative thought (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Leadership-

A process through which a person guides a group in practicing or applying Creative Problem Solving (CPS) methods, taking into account the nature of the task, the socio-emotional relationships, needs of group members, and the developmental level of the participants for their task (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994). (Also found as a sub term under Business.)

Learning (Sub term found under Education)

The change in performance potential (Gagne, 1966, p.137).

Learning model (Sub term found under Models)

Representation that summaries phenomena and relationships of learning (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Learning style (Sub term found under Styles)

A person's consistent or stable preferences for dealing with a variety of different tasks or situations. There are many theoretical models and instruments for assessing various aspects of learning style. These can be used for self-understanding, for improving teamwork and effective group participation, and for understanding the working dynamics of Creative Problem Solving (CPS) within a group (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Learning theory (Sub term found under Theory)

General principle or set of principles formulated to explain learning (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Left brain (Sub term found under Brain Hemisphericity)

Relating to the left hemisphere of the brain (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Level (Sub term found under Cognitive and Person)

A position in a scale or rank (as of value, significance, importance, importance, or achievement) (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Liberating (Sub term found under Leadership)

To give release or let loose (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Linguistics (Sub term found under Humanities)

The study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and modification of language (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Longitudinal studies (Sub term found under Assessment)

Dealing with the growth and change of an individual or group over a period of years (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

M

Management (also found as a sub term under Business and Innovation)

(1)The act or art of managing: the conducting or supervising of something (as a business). (2) Judicious use of means to accomplish an end. (3) Capacity for managing: executive skill. (4) The collective body of those who manage or direct an enterprise (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Managers (Sub term found under Administration and Business)

One who conducts business or household affairs (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Marketing (Sub term found under Business)

(1) The act or process of selling or purchasing in a market. (2) An aggregate of functions involved in moving goods from producer to consumer (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Sub term found under Models)

Of or about Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Center for Studies in Creativity).

MBTI (Sub term found under Styles)

Of or relating to the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI) (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Measurement (Sub term found under Assessment)

The process of collecting both quantitative (number) and qualitative (words) data to describe, organize, compare, and analyze human behavior (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Mental rehearsal (Sub term found under Imagery)

Process of visioning actions to be taken (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Mentor (Sub term found under Mentoring)

A trusted counselor or guide (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Mentoring-

The act of advising (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Meta thinking (Sub term found under Thinking)

Thinking about and creating strategies to assist ones thinking (Leff, & Nevin, 1990).

Metacognition (Sub term found under Cognitive)

Consciousness, that is, thinking within the self that feels reflective, insightful, and of a monitoring nature (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Metaphorical (Sub term found under Thinking)

Of or relating to a metaphor (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Methodology (Sub term found under Research)

(1) A body of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline: a particular procedure or set of procedures. (2) The analysis of the principles or procedures of inquiry in a particular field (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Middle school (Sub term found under Education)

(1) A period of formal education which focuses on the teaching of children typically between the ages of 10 to 14; the grade levels usually taught are 6 through 8. Sometimes may be referred to as junior high school. (2) A school including grades 5 to 8, or 6 to 8 (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Minorities (Sub term found under Culture)

A part of a population differing from others in some characteristics and often subjected to differential treatment (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Model (Sub term found under Mentoring)

(See Models.)

Models-

A representation that summarizes data and aids comprehension; Models represent phenomena and relationships. A structural design used to visualize something that can not be directly observed, a representation which illustrates something (Center for Studies in Creativity). (Also found as a sub term under History of Creativity, Innovation, and Problem Solving).

Morphological model (Sub term found under Models)

A representation that summarizes structure or form (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Morphological thinking (Sub term found under Process)

The structure or form of using one's mind to produce thought (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Motivation (also found as a sub term under Person, and Press)

A motivational force, stimulus, or influence (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Multiple intelligences (Sub term found under Intelligence)

Theory by Howard Gardner designed to provide a positive model of different intellectual strengths displayed by human beings (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Multivariate (sub term found under Assessment)

Having or involving a number of independent mathematical or statistical variables (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Myths (sub term found under Creativity)

Widely-held opinions or beliefs that are based on false premises or are the result of flawed or illogical reasoning (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

N

Networking-

The exchange of information or services among individuals, groups, or institutions (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Networks (Sub term found under Networking)

Interconnected or interrelated chain, group, or system (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Neuro-linguistic programming (Sub term found under Communications)

A change process which focuses on getting to a desired objective by removing all obstacles, including limiting perceptions (Darling, 1988).

Newsletters (Sub term found under Networking)

A printed sheet, pamphlet, or small newspaper containing news or information of interest chiefly to a special group (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Non-visual (Sub term found under Imagery)

Without sight (Center for Studies in Creativity).

O

Organizational (sub term found under Climate)

Of or relating to an organization (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Organizational behavior (sub term found under Organizations)

(1) The manner an institution conducts. (2) The response of a group to its environment (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Organizational change (sub term found under Organizations)

The choice and commitment to do something different by an organization (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Organizational climate (sub term found under Organizations)

The recurring patterns of behavior which characterize life in the organization. It is the relatively enduring quality of the total working environment as it is perceived and experienced by the participants within it. Climate influences their behavior, and can be described in relation to a particular set of environmental characteristics. (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994). (See also Climate.)

Organizational development (sub term found under Organizations)

The act, process, or result of organizational evolution (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Organizational structure (sub term found under Organizations)

The aggregate of elements of an entity in their relationships to each other (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Organizations-

Associations or societies (Merriam-Webster, 1989). (Also found as a sub term under Administration.)

P

Paradigm shift (Sub term found under Theory)

A change in the model, pattern, or example that can be used for solving problems (Prince, 1994).

Paradox (Sub term found under Theory)

(1) A tenet contrary to received opinion. (2) A statement that is seemingly contrary to received opinion (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Patents (Sub term found under Product)

(1) An official document conferring a right or privilege. (2) A writing securing to an inventor for a term of years the exclusive right to make, use, or sell his invention (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Pedagogy (sub term found under Education)

The art, science, or profession of teaching: especially education (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Performance (sub term found under Behavior and Business)

(1) The execution of an action. (2) Something accomplished. (3) The manner of reacting to stimuli: behavior (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Performing (sub term found under Arts)

Of, relating to, or constituting an art (as drama) that involves public performance (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Person-

Characteristics, cognitive abilities and style, behavioral and biographical events associated with individual's creativity (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Personality (sub term found under Person)

The complex of characteristics that distinguishes an individual or a nation or group: especially the totality of an individual's behavioral and emotional characteristics (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Personality theory (Sub term found under Theory)

A general set of principles formulated to explain paradigm of interrelated personality traits (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Philosophy (Sub term found under History of Creativity, Research, and Theory)

The most general beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Physiology of creativity (Sub term found under Creativity)

The organic processes and phenomena pertaining to creativity (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Play (Sub term found under Press and Process)

(1) A recreational activity: especially the spontaneous activity of children. (2) Absence of serious or harmful intent. (3) To deal in a light, speculative, or sportive manner (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Poverty (Sub term found under Culture)

The state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Predicting (Sub term found under Assessment)

To declare in advance (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Preparation (Sub term found under Process)

The action or process of making something ready for use or service or of getting ready for some occasion, test, or duty (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Preschool (sub term found under Education)

(1) An educational experience prior to the typical school starting age which is between 4 and 6 years. Sometimes referred to as early childhood education or head start. (2) of, relating to, or constituting the period in a child's life from infancy to the age of five or six that ordinarily precedes attendance at elementary school, kindergarten, and nursery school (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Press-

(1) The climate, environment or situation in which creativity takes place-or is inhibited (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994). (2) Factors that facilitate or inhibit performance involving: elements surrounding context; perception; leadership styles and behaviors; understanding and reaction to situations; values and norms; motivations (Center for Studies in Creativity). (Also found as a sub term under Climate.)

Problem identification (Sub term found under Process)

The process of identifying the appropriate problem (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Problem Solving (also found as a sub term under Process)

The process of identifying solutions to problems (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Process-

A series of actions or operations conducing to an end (Center for Studies in Creativity). (Also found as a sub term under Problem Solving and Techniques.)

Product-

The embodiment of an idea, the creative outcome. The actual results of process (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Professional characteristics (Sub term found under Research)

Personal traits as identified in groups of professionals (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Profiling (Sub term found under Assessment)

The development of multi-dimensional framework to help understand, predict, and facilitate performance in a meaningful or valued domain (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Programs (Sub term found under Education, and Mentoring)

A predetermined sequence of events in order to provide learning experiences in a specific content area (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Psychedelic (Sub term found under Theory)

An approach to creativity which emphasizes the importance of expanding the awareness or consciousness of one's mind, helping the person be more creative by opening vast new horizons of untapped resources and experiences (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Psychoanalytic (Sub term found under Theory)

Based on Freud's theories. The individual's creativity originates in conflict which arises from the tension of the conscious, reality-bound processes with unsatisfied, unconscious biological drives (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Psychodynamic (Sub term found under Theory)

(See Psychoanalytic.)

Psychological (Sub term found under Research)

Of or relating to psychology (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Psychologists (Sub term found under Psychology)

A scientist of mind and behavior (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Psychology-

The science of mind and behavior (Merriam-Webster, 1989). (Also found as a sub term under History of Creativity.)

Q

Qualitative (Sub term found under Research)

Of, relating to, or involving quality or kind (Merriam-Webster, 1989). Dealing with description.

Quantitative (Sub term found under Research)

Of, relating to, or expressible in terms of quantity (Merriam-Webster, 1989). Dealing with numbers.

R

Recursiveness (Sub term found under Systems)

Of, relating to, or constituting a procedure that can repeat itself indefinitely or until a specified condition is met (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Reflective (Sub term found under Thinking)

Marked by reflection: thoughtful, deliberative (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Reliability (Sub term found under Assessment)

Degree to which the instrument consistently measures the construct (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Research-

Studious inquiry or examination (Merriam-Webster, 1989). (Also found as a sub term under History of Creativity.)

Research and development (Sub term found under Research)

Refers to either empirical investigations and inquiry into both basic and applied questions, comprehensive reviews and critiques of past research or theory, and the creation of new theoretical principles; or activities that create new products, materials and other resources, as well as provide services to enhance our ability to understand and nurture creativity (Isaksen, & Puccio, 1994).

Research management (Sub term found under Research)

The act of supervising studious inquiry or examination (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Researchers (Sub term found under Theory)

One engaged in research (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Right brain (Sub term found under Brain Hemisphericity)

Relating to the right hemisphere of the brain (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Risk taking (Sub term found under Person)

The tolerance of uncertainty permitted in an organization (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994). Also considered an element of the creative climate.

S

Science-

Knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially obtained and tested through scientific method (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Scientific Method (Sub term found under Science)

Principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Scientists (Sub term found under Science)

One learned in science and especially natural science (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Secondary (Sub term found under Education)

A school which enrolls students ranging between the ages of 14 through 19; grade levels hosted are usually 9-12. May be referred to as high school, senior high school or institution (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Self actualization (Sub term found under Person)

Realizing fully one's potential (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Self image (Sub term found under Person)

One's conception of oneself or of one's role (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Serendipity (Sub term found under Styles)

The faculty of finding valuable or agreeable things not sought for (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

SES (Sub term found under Models)

Of or relating to Synectics Educational Systems (SES) (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Sex differences (Sub term found under Behavior)

Differences due to gender (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Sex roles (Sub term found under Behavior)

Assignments, duties, and behaviors based on one's gender (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Simulation (Sub term found under Computer Applications)

The imitative representation of the functioning of one system or process by means of the functioning of another (a computer ~ of an industrial process) (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Situational leadership (Sub term found under Leadership and Models)

(1) Relating to the Situational Leadership Model (Hersey, & Blanchard, 1993) or similar theories and models of leadership (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Skills and trades (Sub term found under Education)

Mental or physical abilities obtained through experience, training or observation that may be needed to complete a given task (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Social (Sub term found under Behavior and Innovation)

Of, or relating to human society, the interaction of the individual and the group, or the welfare of human beings as members of society (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Social problem solving (Sub term found under Problem Solving)

The process of identifying solutions to social problems (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Social psychology (Sub term found under Psychology)

The study of the manner in which the personality, attitudes, motivations, and behavior of the individual influence and are influenced by social groups (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Socioculture (Sub term found under Culture)

Of, or relating to, or involving a combination of social and cultural factors (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Sociodrama (Sub term found under Models)

Of, or relating to sociodrama or psychodrama (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Sociology-

(1) The science of society, social institutions, and social relationships, specifically the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings. (2) The scientific analysis of a social institution as a functioning whole and as it relates to the rest of society (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Solution development (Sub term found under Process)

The process of solving a problem (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Special education (Sub term found under Education)

Formal learning provided for students who break the pattern of the "typical" pupil. These individuals may include the physically or mentally disabled, the gifted and talented, or learning disabled. The standard curriculum is modified to accommodate the needs of the students (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Stages in innovation (Sub term found under Innovation)

Of or relating to the steps involved in introducing something new (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Stimulating creativity (Sub term found under Creativity)

Methods for facilitating creativity (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Stimulation (Sub term found under Arts)

To excite to activity or growth or to greater activity (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Stress (Sub term found under Person)

Constraining force or influence (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Structure (Sub term found under Administration)

The arrangement or interrelation of all the parts of a whole; manner of organization or construction (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Structure of Intellect (Sub term found under Intelligence and Models

Of, or about Guilford's Structure of the Intellect (SOI) model (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Structured techniques (Sub term found under Innovation)

Methods, involving several steps which aid a given situation (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Style (Sub term found under Cognitive and Leadership)

(See Styles.)

Styles-

Relatively stable concerned manner of performance which is value neutral. (Also found as a sub term under Behavior, and Innovation.

Surveys (Sub term found under Assessment)

To examine as to condition, situation, or value (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Synectics (Sub term found under Models)

An approach to creative problem solving stressing the use of analogy and metaphor, in an effort to make novel connections between seemingly unrelated stimuli, drawing particularly on the work of W. J. J. Gordon, T. Poze, or G. Prince (cited in Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Systematic (Sub term found under Problem Solving)

Relating to or consisting of a system (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Systems-

A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

T

Targeted Innovation (Sub term found under Innovation)

The concept of Targeted Innovation as discussed by Gryskiewics (1987); of targeting specific people or departments with additional or special resources to promote innovation (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Teacher (Sub term found under Mentoring)

One that teaches; especially one whose occupation is to instruct (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Teaching (Sub term found under Education)

The process of instructing other individuals in the learning process. The learning process may involve the opportunity for acquiring knowledge, skills, techniques and practical applications (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Teaching thinking (Sub term found under Education)

The instruction of students through methods, models, tools and techniques in order to acquire the necessary skills and abilities that promote the mental process(es) of thinking (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Techniques-

The manner in which technical details are treated, a specific method of accomplishing a desired aim (Merriam-Webster, 1989). (Also found as a sub term under Problem Solving, and Thinking.)

Technology-

Referring to the means employed to provide objects necessary for human sustenance and comfort (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Tertiary (Sub term found under Education)

A member of a monastic third order especially of lay people. Of third rank, importance, or value (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Testing (Sub term found under Assessment)

Requiring maximum effort or ability (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Theorists (Sub term found under Theory)

A person that theorizes (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Theory-

A general principle or set of principals formulated to explain a group of related phenomena (Merriam-Webster, 1989). (Also found as a sub term under History of Creativity, and Systems.)

Therapy (Sub term found under Person, and Problem Solving

(1) Remedial treatment of bodily disorder. (2) An agency (as treatment) designed or serving to bring about social adjustment (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Thinking-

The action of using one's mind to produce thoughts (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Thinking skills (Sub term found under Thinking)

Usually divided into creative or critical thinking skills, a learned ability which functions to facilitate thinking (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Tools (Sub term found under Problem Solving)

An instrument or implement that is used in performing an operation or necessary in the practice of a vocation or profession, a specific means designed to serve a specific purpose or function (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Total quality management (Sub term under Management)

(1) Relating to the management philosophies of Deming, Juran, Crosby, and others. (2) The practices and experiences of organizations engaged in total quality management (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Training (Sub term found under Business, Education, and Process)

A set of clearly identified skills are transmitted (Brookfield, 1986).

Transfer (Sub term found under Technology)

To convey from one person, place, or situation to another (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Transfer of training (Sub term found under Assessment)

The application of skills learned in a classroom or laboratory environment, applied to a real life situation (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Transformational (Sub term found under Theory)

Of, relating to, characterized by, or concerned with transformation and especially linguistic transformation (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

Transforming (Sub term found under Leadership)

The act or process of changing (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

V

Validity (Sub term found under Assessment)

The degree to which a test or instrument measures what it purports to measure. (Isaksen, Dorval, & Treffinger, 1994).

Visioning (Sub term found under Imagery)

The process of setting attainable goals (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Vocational (Sub term found under Education)

The training and learning of skills needed in a specific occupation or trade that does not specifically require forms of higher education (Center for Studies in Creativity).

W

Whole brain (Sub term found under Brain Hemisphericity)

Relating to brain functioning, not specifically related to one hemisphere (Center for Studies in Creativity).

Writing-

The act or process of literary or musical composition (Merriam-Webster, 1989).

References

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Boles, S. M. (1990). A model of routine and creative problem solving. Journal of Creative Behavior, 24(3), 171-189.

Brookfield, S. D. (1986). Understanding and facilitating adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Carroll, B. (1991). Shaping the future with FPS. Gifted Child Today, 14(2), 6-8.

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Jones, L. (1993). Identifying and understanding barriers to effective problem solving. In S. G. Isaksen, M. C. Murdock, R. L. Firestien, & D. J. Treffinger (Eds.), Nurturing and developing creativity: The emergence of a discipline, (pp. 133-154). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

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Merriam-Webster's ninth new collegiate dictionary. (1989). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc.

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Upton, A. & Sampson, R. (1961). Design for thinking. Stanford, CA: E.P. Dutton.

This page was compiled by Jennifer L. Cochran-Sonnen as part of her Master's Project (1998) at the Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo State College- State University at New York.

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