PHILOSOPHY AND HUMANITIES

There is no single style manual (such as APA or MLA) that is used in the discipline of philosophy. Yet if you use the examples below as a guide, your citations will be judged appropriate by philosophy faculty.

 

FOOTNOTE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS

    

These examples are based on the sixth edition of A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations by Kate L. Turabian, revised by John Grossman and Alice Bennett.

This page is adapted from a page produced by the Undergraduate Library at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

N=footnote or endnote entry   B=bibliographic entry

I. BOOKS
 
 

 
Single author:
N 
1John Hope Franklin, George Washington Williams:  A Biography

(Chicago:  University of Chicago Press, 1985), 54.
B 
Franklin, John Hope.  George Washington Williams:  A Biography.

     Chicago:  University of Chicago Press, 1985.

 
 
Two or three authors:
N 
2Robert Lynd and Helen Lynd, Middletown:  A Study in American

Culture (New York:  Harcourt, Brace and World, 1929), 67.
B 
Lynd, Robert and Helen Lynd.  Middletown:  A Study in American Culture.

     New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1929.

 
 
More than three authors:
N 
 4Martin Greenberger and others, eds., Networks for Research and

Education:  Sharing of Computer and Information Resources Nationwide

(Cambridge:  MIT Press, 1974), 50.
B 
Greenberger, Martin, Julius Aronofsky, James L. McKenney, and William F.

     Massy, eds.  Networks for Research and Education:  Sharing of

     Computer and Information Resources Nationwide.  Cambridge:  MIT

     Press, 1974.

 
 
No author given:
N 
5The Lottery.  (London:  J. Watts,  [1732]), 20-25.
B 
The Lottery.  London:  J. Watts, [1732].

Note: the date enclosed in square brackets indicates that the information was not found in the book itself.

 
 
 
Editor or compiler as "author":
N 
9Robert von Hallberg, ed., Canons (Chicago:  University of Chicago

Press, 1984), 225.
B 
von Hallberg, Robert, ed.  Canons. Chicago:  University of Chicago Press,

     1984.

 
 
Author's work contained in author's collected works:
N 
11The Complete Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge,  ed. W. G. T.

Shedd, vol. 1, Aids to Reflection  (New York:  Harper & Bros., 1884), 18.
B 
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor.  The Complete Works of Samuel Taylor

     Coleridge.  Edited by W.G.T. Shedd.  Vol. 1, Aids to Reflection.

     New York:  Harper & Bros., 1884.

 
 
Separately titled volume in a multivolume work with a general title and editor(s):
N 
  12 Gordon N. Ray, ed., An Introduction to Literature, vol. 2, The

Nature of Drama,by Hubert Hefner  (Boston:  Houghton Mifflin, 1959), 47- 

49.
B 
Ray, Gordon N., ed.  An Introduction to Literature.  Vol. 2,  The Nature of

     Drama, by Hubert Hefner.  Boston:  Houghton Mifflin, 1959.

 
 
Separately titled volume in a multivolume work with a general title and one author:
N 
 13 Sewall Wright, Evolution and the Genetics of Populations,  vol.

Variability within and among Natural Populations (Chicago:  University

of Chicago Press, 1978), 67.
B 
Wright, Sewall.  Evolution and the Genetics of Populations.  Vol. 4,

Variability within and among Natural Populations.  Chicago:

     University of Chicago Press, 1978.

 
 
Edition other than first:
N 
16 M. M. Bober, Karl Marx's Interpretation of History, 2d ed.

Harvard Economic Studies  (Cambridge:  Harvard University Press, 1948), 89.
B 
Bober, M. M.  Karl Marx's Interpretation of History, 2d ed. Harvard

     Economic Studies.  Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1948.

 
 
Essay or chapter by one author in a work edited by another:
N 
24 Mary Higdon Beech, "The Domestic Realm in the Lives of Hindu    

Women in Calcutta," in Separate Worlds:  Studies of Purdah in South Asia,

ed. Hanna Papanek and Gail Minault (Delhi:  Chanakya, 1982), 115.
B 
Beech, Mary Higdon.  "The Domestic Realm in the Lives of Hindu Women in 

     Calcutta."  In Separate Worlds:  Studies of Purdah in South Asia, ed.

     Hanna Papanek and Gail Minault, 110-38. Delhi:  Chanakya, 1982.


II. PERIODICALS  
 
Article in a popular magazine:
N 
40Bruce Weber, "The Myth Maker:  The Creative Mind of Novelist 

E. L. Doctorow,"  New York Times Magazine, 20 October 1985, 42.
B 
Weber, Bruce.  "The Myth Maker:  The Creative Mind of Novelist E. L.

     Doctorow."  New York Times Magazine, 20 October 1985, 42.

 
 
Article in a scholarly journal:
N 
37Richard Jackson, "Running down the Up-Escalator:  Regional     

Inequality in Papua New Guinea," Australian Geographer 14  (May 1979):  

180.
B 
Jackson, Richard.  "Running down the Up-Escalator:  Regional Inequality in     

     Papua New Guinea."Australian Geographer 14 (May 1979):  175-84.

 
 
Book review in a journal:
N 
45Dwight Frankfather, review of The Disabled State, by Deborah A.    

Stone, Social Service Review  59 (September 1985):  524.
B 
Frankfather, Dwight.  Review of The Disabled State, by Deborah A. Stone.      

Social Service Review 59 (September 1985):  523-25.
Note: a book review does not always carry its own title, and sometimes the name of the reviewer is not mentioned. An entry might begin, therefore, Review of . . . .

III. ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLES

Turabian's 6th edition explains that well-known reference books are generally not listed in bibliographies, and it does not give bibliographic examples. We have included examples from the 5th edition, designated by an asterisk (*), should you need to use them.
 
 

 
Signed articles:
N 
42Morris Jastrow, "Nebo,"in Encyclopedia Brittanica, 11th ed.
*B 
Runes, Dagobert D. and Harry G. Schrickel, eds.  Encyclopedia of the Arts.      

     New York:  Philosophical Library, 1946.  S.v. "African Negro Art," by     

     James A. Porter.

 
 
Unsigned article:
N 
41Columbia  Encyclopedia, 5th ed., s.v. "cold war."
*B 
Encyclopedia Americana, 1975 ed. S.v. "Sumatra."


IV. NEWSPAPERS

The following two examples are from the 5th edition of Turabian.

N 
41Andre Camille, "Deciding Who Gets Dibs on Health-Care Dollars,"    

Wall Street Journal, 27 March 1984, 30(W) and 34(E).
B 
Camille, Andre.  "Deciding Who Gets Dibs on Health-Care Dollars."  Wall     

     Street Journal, 27 March 1984, 30(W) and 34(E).


If a newspaper is cited only once or twice in a research paper, a note is sufficient documentation:

N 
43Irish Daily Independent (Dublin), 16 June 1904.


V. SECOND OR SUBSEQUENT CITATIONS IN NOTES 
44Max Plowman, An Introduction to the Study of Blake (London:

Gollancz, 1982), 32.
With no intervening reference a second mention of the same page requires only 
   45Ibid.
With no intervening reference but with reference to a different page 
   47Ibid., 68.
With an intervening reference, give author's surname and page number 
   51Plowman, 68.
With an intervening reference and more than one title by the author, give author's surname, a brief title, and page number 
   65Plowman, Study of Blake, 125.

Note: Some publishers prefer that all citations with intervening references use a brief title even if only one work by a given author is cited.

 

VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES

   Thompson, Oscar, ed.  International Cyclopaedia of Music and Musicians.      

             New York:  Dodd, Mead, 1936.

An admirable work that brings Grove up to date and deals adequately

      with contemporary music and American composers.
 
ELECTRONIC  RESOURCES
 

There is no set standard for citing electronic resources. Electronic resources often do not provide all the bibliographic information you are used to finding in print sources. As with all citations, the goal is to give authors the credit they deserve and to provide enough information to enable the items to be retrieved again, either by yourself or by someone else. Adapted from Bucknell University Library Reference Department.


 
 
 
 
 
COMPLETE WORKS
N 
1500 Nations : Stories of the North American Indian Experiences

([CD-ROM]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 1995. [accessed 10 June 1996])

2Al Gore, From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better

and Costs Less. Report of the National Performance Review ([ONLINE]. 1993 Sept

3. Available from gopher://wiretap.spies.com:70/00/Gov/npr [accessed 10 June

1996]).
B 
500 Nations : Stories of the North American Indian Experiences. [CD-ROM].

    Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 1995. [accessed 10 June 1996]

Gore, Al. From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better

and Costs Less. Report of the National Performance Review. [ONLINE]. 1993

    Sept 3. Available from gopher://wiretap.spies.com:70/00/Gov/npr [accessed

    10 June 1996]

 
 
 
 
PARTS OF WORKS
N 
1U.S. Department of State, "Economic Policy and Trade Practices: Lithuania."

In National Trade Data Bank ([CDROM]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of

Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Office of Business Analysis.

[accessed 10 June 1996]).

2Robert T. Daniel, "The History of Western Music." In Britannica Online;

Macropedia ([ONLINE]. 1995. Available from http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/

g:DocF=macro/5004/45/0.html [accessed 10 June 1996]).
NOTE: When possible, break long URLs at a slash.
B 
U.S. Department of State, "Economic Policy and Trade Practices: Lithuania."

    In National Trade Data Bank [CDROM]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department

    of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Office of Business

    Analysis. [accessed 10 June 1996]).

Daniel, Robert T., "The History of Western Music." In Britannica Online;

Macropedia ([ONLINE]. 1995. Available from http://www.eb.com:180/

    cgi-bin/g:DocF=macro/5004/45/0.html [accessed 10 June 1996]).
NOTE: When possible, break long URLs at a slash.

 
 
 
 
PERIODICAL ARTICLES
N 
1Lawrence P. Hansen, "Efficient Estimation of Linear Asset-Pricing

Models with Moving Average Errors," Journal of Business & Economics

Statistics (14, no. 1 (1996): 53-68. [CD-ROM]. Available from UMI,

Database: Business Periodicals Ondisc, Item : 01148927

[accessed 10 June 1996])

2Michael H. Bodden, "Class, Gender and the Contours of Nationalism

in the Culture of Philippine Radical Theater," Frontiers (16, no. 2-3

(Spring-Summer 1996). [ONLINE]. Available from http://iac.dra.com:8002/htbin/

ftsearch?db=IACEXP&kwd=18504173(IAC)&page=TEXT- [accessed 10 June 1996]).

3Frank Viviano, "The New Mafia Order," Mother Jones Magazine

((May-June 1995): 72 pars. [ONLINE]. Available from http://www.mojones.com/

MOTHER_JONES/MJ95/viviano.html [accessed 10 June 1996]).
NOTE: When possible, break long URLs at a slash.
B 
Hansen, Lawrence P. "Efficient Estimation of Linear Asset-Pricing

    Models with Moving Average Errors." Journal of Business &

Economics Statistics 14, no. 1 (1996): 53-68. [CD-ROM]. Available

    from UMI, Database: Business Periodicals Ondisc, Item : 01148927

    [accessed 10 June 1996].

Bodden, Michael H. "Class, Gender and the Contours of Nationalism

    in the Culture of Philippine Radical Theater," Frontiers (16,

    no. 2-3 (Spring-Summer 1996). [ONLINE]. Available from http://iac.dra.com:

    8002/htbin/ftsearch?db=IACEXP&kwd=18504173(IAC)&page=TEXT- [accessed 10

    June 1996]).

Viviano, Frank. "The New Mafia Order," Mother Jones Magazine

    ((May-June 1995): 72 pars. [ONLINE]. Available from http://www.mojones.com/

    MOTHER_JONES/MJ95/viviano.html [accessed 10 June 1996]).
NOTE: When possible, break long URLs at a slash.

 
 
 
 
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
N 
1Laurent Belsie, "A Michner-Sized Problem: Books Crumbling Into Dust:

Scholars Join Hands to Save Millions of Brittle Tomes," Christian Science

Monitor (January 4, 1995, p3 (912 words). [CD-ROM]. Available from Newsbank,

Inc., File: Newsfile, Number: 00811*19950104*4007 [accessed 10 June 1996]).

3Paul Schnieder, "Valley Firm in Oklahoma City Bombing Trial," Arizona

Business Gazette (May 9, 1996, p30. (423 words). [ONLINE]. Available from

Lexis/Nexis, Library: News, File: BUSTL [accessed 10 June 1996]).
NOTE: When possible, break long URLs at a slash.
B 
Belsie, Laurent. "A Michner-Sized Problem: Books Crumbling Into Dust: Scholars

    Join Hands to Save Millions of Brittle Tomes." Christian Science Monitor.

    January 4, 1995, p3 (912 words). [CD-ROM]. Available from Newsbank, Inc.,

    File: Newsfile, Number: 00811*19950104*4007 [accessed 10 June 1996]

Schnieder, Paul. "Valley Firm in Oklahoma City Bombing Trial." Arizona

Business Gazette, May 9, 1996, p30. (423 words). [ONLINE]. Available from

    Lexis/Nexis, Library: News, File: BUSTL [accessed 10 June 1996]

 
 
 
 
DISCUSSION LIST
N 
1John A. Hurst, "International Finance Questions," in Business Libraries

Discussion List. (BUSLIB-L@IDBSU.BITNET) 10 Sept 1992. [accessed 10 June 1996].
B 
Hurst, John A. "International Finance Questions." in Business Libraries

Discussion List. (BUSLIB-L@IDBSU.BITNET) 10 Sept 1992. [accessed 10 June

    1996].

 
 
 
 
E-MAIL (personal)
N 
1Johnson, Howard (HOWARD@garfield.edu)." Theory of Relativity." E-mail to

Albert Einstein (AEINSTEIN@princeton.edu). [8 June 1996].
B 
Johnson, Howard (HOWARD@garfield.edu)." Theory of Relativity." E-mail to

    Albert Einstein (AEINSTEIN@princeton.edu). [8 June 1996].